This article is about the co-founder of Microsoft. For other people with the same name, see Bill Gates (disambiguation)
The beginning of William Henry Gates III
William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. A seminal figure in the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, he co-founded the software corporation Microsoft in 1975 alongside his childhood friend Paul Allen. Following the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO), Gates became the youngest billionaire at age 31 in 1987. Forbes ranked him as the world's wealthiest individual for 18 of 24 years between 1995 and 2017, including a consecutive 13-year span from 1995 to 2007. He became the first centibillionaire in 1999 when his net worth briefly exceeded $100 billion. According to Forbes, as of May 2025, his net worth is estimated at US$113 billion, positioning him as the thirteenth-richest person globally.
William Henry Gates III
Born: October 28, 1955 (age 69)
Place of Birth: Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Education:
Harvard University (did not complete degree)
Occupations:
• Businessman
• Philanthropist
• Computer programmer
• Author
Years Active:
1972–present
Notable For:
Pioneering the personal computer revolution alongside Paul Allen
Co-founding Microsoft and the Gates Foundation
Titles:
• Chair of the Gates Foundation
• Chairman and founder of Cascade Investment
• Chairman and founder of Branded Entertainment Network
• Chairman and co-founder of TerraPower
• Founder of Breakthrough Energy
• Founder of Gates Ventures
• Technology advisor to Microsoft
Spouse:
(married 1994; divorced 2021)
Children:
3
Parents:
Awards:
Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (2005)
Padma Bhushan (2015)
Presidential Medal of Freedom (2016)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2020)
Hilal-e-Pakistan (2022)
Contact Email:
Born and raised in Seattle, Washington, Gates received private education at Lakeside School, where he formed a friendship with Paul Allen and cultivated his interest in computing. In 1973, he enrolled at Harvard College, undertaking courses such as Math 55 and graduate-level computer science classes. However, he left Harvard in 1975 to co-found and lead Microsoft. He served as CEO for 25 years and assumed the roles of president and chairman when Microsoft incorporated in 1981. In 2000, he was succeeded as CEO by Steve Ballmer and transitioned to the role of chief software architect, which he held until 2008. Gates stepped down as chairman in 2014 and became a technology advisor to CEO Satya Nadella and other Microsoft executives, a position he retains. He resigned from the board in 2020.
Gradually, Gates has diminished his involvement at Microsoft to concentrate on philanthropic endeavors through the Gates Foundation, the largest private charitable organization worldwide. His philanthropic focus includes health, education, and poverty alleviation, with notable efforts to eradicate infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, malaria, and polio. Gates and his former spouse, Melinda French Gates, co-chaired the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation until 2024, when Melinda resigned following their divorce; the foundation was subsequently renamed, with Gates serving as its sole chair.
Gates is also the founder and chairman of several other enterprises, including BEN, Cascade Investment, TerraPower, Gates Ventures, and Breakthrough Energy. In 2010, alongside Warren Buffett, he co-founded the Giving Pledge, a commitment by billionaires to donate at least half of their wealth to philanthropic causes. Recognized by Time magazine in 1999 as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, Gates has received numerous accolades, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom awarded jointly to him and Melinda French Gates in 2016 for their philanthropic contributions. He has been featured in several documentary films and published the first of three planned memoirs, Source Code: My Beginnings, in 2025.
LIFE & EDUCATION ;
William Henry Gates III was born on October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington,[1] as the only son of William H. Gates Sr.[a] (1925–2020) and his first wife, Mary Maxwell Gates (1929–1994).[2] His ancestry includes English, German, and Irish/Scots-Irish.[3] His father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors of First Interstate BancSystem and United Way of America. Gates's maternal grandfather J. W. Maxwell was a national bank president. Gates also has an older sister Kristi (Kristianne) and a younger sister Libby. He is the fourth of his name in his family but is known as William Gates III or "Trey" (i.e., three) because his father had the "II" suffix.[4][5] The family lived in the Sand Point area of Seattle in a home that was damaged by a rare tornado when Gates was 7.[6]
When Gates was young his parents wanted him to pursue a career in law.[7] During his childhood, his family regularly attended a church of the Congregational Christian Churches, a Protestant Reformed denomination.[8][9][10]
Gates was small for his age and was bullied as a child.[5] The family encouraged competition; one visitor reported that "it didn't matter whether it was hearts or pickleball or swimming to the dock; there was always a reward for winning and there was always a penalty for losing".[11]
At age 13, he enrolled in the private Lakeside Prep School.[12][13] When he was in the eighth grade, the Mothers' Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy a Teletype Model 33 ASR terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the students.[14] Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC, and he was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine, an implementation of tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. Gates was fascinated by the machine and how it would always execute software code perfectly.[15] After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, Gates and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDPminicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC) which banned Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Gates's best friend and first business partner Kent Evans for the summer after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time.[16][5]
The four students formed the Lakeside Programmers Club to make money.[5] At the end of the ban, they offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for extra computer time. Rather than using the system remotely via Teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including Fortran, Lisp, and machine language. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970 when the company went out of business. The following year, a Lakeside teacher enlisted Gates and Evans to automate the school's class-scheduling system, providing them computer time and royalties in return. The duo worked diligently in order to have the program ready for their senior year. Towards the end of their junior year, Evans was killed in a mountain climbing accident, which Gates described as one of the saddest days of his life. He then turned to Allen who helped him finish the system for Lakeside.[5]
At age 17, Gates formed a venture with Allen called Traf-O-Data to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor.[17] In 1972, he served as a congressional page in the House of Representatives.[18][19] He was a national merit scholar when he graduated from Lakeside School in 1973.[20] He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SAT) and enrolled at Harvard College in the autumn of 1973.[21][22]
He did not stay at Harvard long enough to choose a concentration, but took mathematics (including Math 55) and graduate level computer science courses.[23] While at Harvard, he met fellow student and future Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer. Gates left Harvard after two years while Ballmer stayed and graduated magna cum laude. Years later, Ballmer succeeded Gates as Microsoft's CEO and maintained that position from 2000 until his resignation in 2014.
Gates devised an algorithm for pancake sorting as a solution to one of a series of unsolved problems[26] presented in a combinatorics class by professor Harry Lewis. His solution held the record as the fastest version for over 30 years, and its successor is faster by only 2%.[27] His solution was formalized and published in collaboration with Harvard computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou.[28]
Gates remained in contact with Paul Allen and joined him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974.[29] In 1975, the MITS Altair 8800 was released based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Gates and Allen saw the opportunity to start their own computer software company.[30] Gates dropped out of Harvard that same year. His parents were supportive of him after seeing how much he wanted to start his own company.[31] He explained his decision to leave Harvard: "if things hadn't worked out, I could always go back to school. I was officially on leave."
MICROSOFT
Gates read the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics which demonstrated the Altair 8800, and contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems(MITS) to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform.[33] In reality, Gates and Allen did not have an Altair and had not written code for it; they merely wanted to gauge MITS's interest. MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them for a demonstration, and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration was held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque, New Mexico; it was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC. MITS hired Allen,[34] and Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with him at MITS in November 1975. Allen named their partnership "Micro-Soft", a combination of "microcomputer" and "software", and their first office was in Albuquerque. The first employee Gates and Allen hired was their high school collaborator Ric Weiland.[34] They dropped the hyphen within a year and officially registered the trade name "Microsoft" with the Secretary of the State of New Mexico on November 26, 1976.[34] Gates never returned to Harvard to complete his studies.
Microsoft's Altair BASIC was popular with computer hobbyists, but Gates discovered that a pre-market copy had leaked out and was being widely copied and distributed. In February 1976, he wrote An Open Letter to Hobbyists in the MITS newsletter in which he asserted that more than 90% of the users of Microsoft Altair BASIC had not paid Microsoft for it and the Altair "hobby market" was in danger of eliminating the incentive for any professional developers to produce, distribute, and maintain high-quality software.[35] This letter was unpopular with many computer hobbyists, but Gates persisted in his belief that software developers should be able to demand payment. Microsoft became independent of MITS in late 1976, and it continued to develop programming language software for various systems.[34] The company moved from Albuquerque to Bellevue, Washington on January 1, 1979.[33]
Gates said he personally reviewed and often rewrote every line of code that the company produced in its first five years. As the company grew, he transitioned into a manager role, then an executive.
IBM PARTNERSHIP
IBM, the leading supplier of computer equipment to commercial enterprises at the time, approached Microsoft in July 1980 concerning software for its upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC,[37] after Gates's mother mentioned Microsoft to John Opel, IBM's then CEO.[2] IBM first proposed that Microsoft write the BASIC interpreter. IBM's representatives also mentioned that they needed an operating system, and Gates referred them to Digital Research (DRI), makers of the widely used CP/M operating system.[38] IBM's discussions with Digital Research went poorly and they did not reach a licensing agreement. IBM representative Jack Sams mentioned the licensing difficulties during a subsequent meeting with Gates and asked if Microsoft could provide an operating system. A few weeks later, Gates and Allen proposed using 86-DOS, an operating system similar to CP/M, that Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP) had made for hardware similar to the PC.[39] Microsoft made a deal with SCP to be the exclusive licensing agent of 86-DOS, and later the full owner. Microsoft employed Paterson to adapt the operating system for the PC[40] and delivered it to IBM as PC DOS for a one-time fee of $50,000.[41]
The contract itself only earned Microsoft a relatively small fee. It was the prestige brought to Microsoft by IBM's adoption of their operating system that would be the origin of Microsoft's transformation from a small business to the leading software company in the world. Gates had not offered to transfer the copyright on the operating system to IBM because he believed that other personal computer makers would clone IBM's PC hardware.[41] They did, making the IBM-compatible PC, running DOS, a de facto standard. The sales of MS-DOS (the version of DOS sold to customers other than IBM) made Microsoft a major player in the industry.[42] The press quickly identified Microsoft as being very influential on the IBM PC. PC Magazine asked if Gates was "the man behind the machine?".[37]
Gates oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981, which re-incorporated the company in Washington state and made Gates the president and chairman of the board, with Paul Allen as vice president and vice chairman. In early 1983, Allen left the company after receiving a Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis, effectively ending the formal business partnership between Gates and Allen, which had been strained months prior due to a contentious dispute over Microsoft equity.[33][43] Later in the decade, Gates repaired his relationship with Allen and together the two donated millions to their childhood school Lakeside.[5] They remained friends until Allen's death in October 2018.
WINDOWS ;
Microsoft and Gates launched their first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985, in an attempt to fend off competition from Apple's MacintoshGUI, which had captivated consumers with its simplicity and ease of use.[45] In August 1986, the company struck a deal with IBM to develop a separate operating system called OS/2. Although the two companies successfully developed the first version of the new system, the partnership deteriorated due to mounting creative differences.[46] The operating system grew out of DOS in an organic fashion over a decade until Windows 95, which hid the DOS prompt by default. Windows XPwas released one year after Gates stepped down as Microsoft CEO.[47] Windows 8.1 was the last version of the OS released before Gates left the chair of the firm to John W. Thompson on February 5, 2014.